Ancient and Medieval World Maps: When Cartography Was Cosmology
Before cartography became a science, it was a theology. The medieval mappa mundi — the world map as understood and depicted by European Christian scholars from the 7th through the 15th centuries — was not primarily a navigation tool. It was a cosmological statement: an image of the world as God had ordered it, with Jerusalem at the center, the Garden of Eden at the top, the known continents arranged according to the sons of Noah (Asia/Shem, Africa/Ham, Europe/Japheth), and the strange peoples of the earth's margins (the Cynocephali, the Sciapods, the Blemmyae) marking the boundaries of the known against the unknown. The famous Hereford Mappa Mundi (c. 1300 CE) and the Ebstorf Map (c. 1234 CE, destroyed in World War II) were not errors corrected by subsequent discovery. They were different kinds of truth — theological and symbolic maps of a universe in which geography, history, mythology, and salvation history occupied the same spatial plane. The Fra Mauro Map of 1450 marks the tran...