Byzantine Art: Icons, Mosaics, and the Transfigured Image
Byzantine art is not primitive art that failed to achieve Western Renaissance naturalism. It is a sophisticated theological visual language that deliberately chose its conventions — the frontal gaze, the gold background, the stylized drapery, the elongated proportions — because those conventions best served its purpose: not the representation of the visible world but the manifestation of the invisible one. The icon (from the Greek eikon , image) is a window — a point where the divine reality becomes visible in the material world. The mosaic covering the dome of a Byzantine church is not a picture of heaven but an actual portion of it, the gold tesserae catching and transforming light to create a space in which the boundary between the earthly and the divine has been dissolved. The specific conventions of Byzantine art encode a theology of matter: that matter, properly arranged in obedience to the divine order, can become transparent to the sacred. Christ Pantocrator...